CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE : Kossel Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding, Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent
bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond, Dipole Moment.

STATES OF MATTER : Gases and Liquids : Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws
of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas
equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation.
Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

LIQUID STATE : Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

EQUILIBRIUM : Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes and applications, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium
constant, factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier’s principle. Relationship between equilibrium constant K and reaction Quotient Q.

Ionic equilibrium - ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept
of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

REDOX REACTIONS : Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of
electron and change in oxidation numbers, application of oxidation number.

HYDROGEN : Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table, Dihydrogen (H ), Hydrides, Occurrence, isotopes, 2 preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical dihydrogen as a fuel and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation,
reactions, uses and structure.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES : General introduction, Tetravalence of Carbon : Shapes of organic
compounds, structural representation of organic compounds, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC
nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper conjugation.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

s–BLOCK ELEMENTS (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) : Group I and group II elements:Group I and group II elements:
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and Properties of some important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride , sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of
sodium and potassium. Anomalous behaviour of Be. Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological impor tance of Mg and Ca. Some Important Compound of Calcium.
Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological impor tance of Mg and Ca. Some Impor tant Compound of Calcium.

SOME p–BLOCK ELEMENTS : General Introduction top-Block Elements.

Group 13 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalies.

Group 14 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds : (Carbon and Silicon) oxides, Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

HYDROCARBONS : Alkanes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical
mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.

Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition
of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.

Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne) , physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance, aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution- Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY : Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric
pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming, pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD : What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria). Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient
and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS : Morphology and modifications, functions of different par ts of flowering plants: Root, Stem, Leaf,
Inflorescence, flower, Fruit and Seed & Families [ Cruciferae, Fabaceae, solanaceae liliaceae]

Anatomy: Tissues , tissue system, internal structure of Root, Stem, Leaf, secondary Growth.

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION : Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal
cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleusnuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY- I : Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast,
transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients- Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a
method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - II : Photosynthesis as a means of Auto trophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in
Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphor ylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C₃ and C₄ pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); The respiratory
balance sheet, Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth ; Differentiation , dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism. Enzymes- types, properties, enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - I : Digestion and absorption;Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, Vitamins.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY-II: Breathing And Respiration: Respiratory: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation- Blood, Blood Corpuscles, Blood Groups, Blood clotting, RH factor.

Human circulatory system- Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system- Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system structure and fuction;
Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other
organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - III : Neural Control And Coordination:Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral
nervous system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system- Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity
and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism , Acromegaly, Cretinism , goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease).

SOLID STATE : Classification of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids
(elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids,
number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and
insulators.

STRUCTURE OF ATOM : Atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

SOLUTIONS : Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties- relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES : Why do we need to classify elements, Genesis of periodic classification. Modern periodic law and long form of periodic table, IUPAC Nomenclature of elements with atomic number> 100, Electronic configuration of elements and types of elements. periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, lectronegativity,
valency.

ELECTROCHEMISTRY : Redoxreactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variation of conductivity with
concentration, kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cellelectrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator,
EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion.

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE : Kossel Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding, Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond, Dipole Moment.

CHEMICAL KINETICS : Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order
and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of
collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

EQUILIBRIUM : Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors
affecting equilibrium-Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept
of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

SURFACE CHEMISTRY : Adsorption-physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis homogeneous and
heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions- types of emulsions.

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY : General Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry. Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.

Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions,
stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

THERMODYNAMICS : First law of thermodynamics, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ▲U and ▲H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution
and dilution. Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and non - spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity. Third law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.

p-BLOCK ELEMENTS : General Introduction to p- Block Elements.

Group 13 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boron, some important compounds: borax, boric acid, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with
acids and alkalies.

Group 14 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties: uses of some important compounds : (Carbon &
Silicon) oxides, Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

Group 15 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and
properties of phosphine, halides (PCI₃ , PCIM₅) and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen:
preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and
uses of sulphur dioxide H₂S; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

Group 17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of
halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements : Principles and methods of extractionconcentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic
method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

REDOX REACTIONS : Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss
and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.

HYDROGEN :Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table, Dihydrogen (H2), Hydrides, Occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen;
hydrides ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses and structure. Dihydrogen as a fuel.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES : General introduction, Tetra valence of carbon, Shapes of organic compounds, structural representation of organic compounds, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions (Reaction Mechanism).

HYDROCARBONS : Alk anes- Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical
mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis.

Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic
addition.

Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond ( ethyne ), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of- hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, Benzene, resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic
substitution- Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted
benzene, carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes : Haloalkanes :Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution
reactions. Optical activity.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environment effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS : Coordination compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes,
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding in coordination compound, Werner’s theory,
VBT, CFT; importance and applications of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological systems).

d and f Block Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row
transition metals- metallic character, melting point ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties,
interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄.

Lanthanoids - electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reac tivity, and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids. Some application of d & f block elements.

s–BLOCK ELEMENTSGroup I and group II elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and Properties of Some important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride,
sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogencarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. Industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS : Alcohol: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only);
identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Some commercially important alcohols.

Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of
phenols.

Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids : Aldehydes and Ketones : Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids : Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY : Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric
pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes;
green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN : Amines : Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines

Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Polymers : Classification - Natural and synthetic, Molecular mass of polymers, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polyesters, bakelite, rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers. Polymers of commercial importance.

Biomolecules : Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), DL configuration, oligosaccharides
(sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) and their importance.

Proteins - Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondar y structure, ter tiar y structure and
quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Hormones - Elementary idea (excluding structure).

Vitamins - Classification and function.

Nucleic Acids : DNA and RNA

Chemistry in Everyday Life : Chemicals in medicines (Drugs) - analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis

STATES OF MATTER : Gases and Liquids : Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour of gases, empirical derivation of gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.

LIQUID STATE : Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

REPRODUCTION : Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of
reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Pollen-Pistil interac tion; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Structural Organization in Plants : Morphology and modifications, functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, Stem, Leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed and families [cruciferae, malvaceae, solanaceae, fabaceae, liliaceae, compositae, poaceae, cucurbitaceae].

Anatomy: Tissues, Tissue system, Internal structure of root, stem, leaf, secondary growth.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis &
oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blasto cystformation , implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Reproductive Health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control - Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Plant Diversity : Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria)

Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms; Angiosperms classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).

ANIMAL KINGDOM : Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five
salient features and at least two examples).

Structural Organization in Animals : Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (Cockroach). (Brief account only)

GENETICS-I : Principles of Inheritance and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple
alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementar y idea of polygenic inher itance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes
and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance -Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes, Mutation (Hardy-weinberg's principle), population genetics.

Biology and Human Welfare : Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Biotechnology : Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).

Biotechnology and Its Applications : Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.

GENETICS-II Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.

Molecular basis of Inheritance: Structure and function of protein, carbohydrate lipid and Nucleic acid (Protoplasm) Search for genetic material and
DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene
expression and regulation-Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.

Biology and Human Welfare (Domestication of Plants) : Improvement in food production, Plant breeding, out breeding devices, tissue culture, single
cell protein, Biofortification.

Cell Structure and Function : Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell
envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organellesstructure and function; Endomembrane systemendoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes,
vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane,
chromatin, nucleolus.

Cell Division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY : Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations – Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation.

Transpiration: Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients- Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).

Mineral Nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a
method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis
(Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis;
Photorespiration C₃ and C₄ pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Exchange of gases; Cellular respirationglycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); The respiratory
balance sheet, Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation ,
dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy; Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.

Enzyme - Types, Properties & enzyme action, Factors affecting enzyme action.

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION :Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for organic evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy,
embryology and molecular evidence; Darwin's contribution, Neodarwinism (Gene flow genetic drift), Modern synthetic theory of organic evolution, Genetic basis of adaptation.

Machanism of evolution - Variation and natural selection, types of natural selection, species, speciation, human evolution.

Biology and Human Welfare : Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Sexually transmitted disease, Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse, electrocardiogram (ECG).

Apiculture and Animal husbandry (Domestication of Animals).

Human Physiology-I Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion; Nutritional and digestive disorders – P E M, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea.

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in
humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration; Respiratory volumes; Disorders related torespiration - Asthma , Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body Fluids and Circulation: Composition of blood, blood. groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-
Double circulation; Structure of human heart and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory
system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure. Excretory products and theire limination : Modes of excretion - Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism.

Human excretory system: Structure and function; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.

Ecology and environment & Demography : Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population
interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution (Demography).

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and
phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services.

Biodiversity and its Conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity
conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.

Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive
waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Case studies as success stories addressing environmental
issues.

Human Physiology-II : Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal
system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural Control and Coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and visceral
nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse; Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.

Chemical Coordination and Regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and
hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison's disease).